二、动词的-ing形式的用法
A．动词的-ing形式作主语
1．动词的-ing形式可直接置于句首作主语。
Seeing
is believing.百闻不如一见。
Collecting stamps is interesting.集邮很有趣。
Learning
about a language is easier than using it.学习有关语言的知识比使用语言容易。
Being
invited to the party was a great honor to the family.被邀请参加晚会是这家人的荣耀。
2．为了保持句子平衡，通常用先行词it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在句末。
It is
easy making plans, but it is difficult carrying them.制定计划很容易，实行它却很难。
It is no
use crying over spilt milk. 作无益的后悔是没有用的。
It's a
waste of time arguing about it. 争论这事是浪费时间。
必背：动词的-ing形式作主语的几个常用句型。
It's no
good talking to him. 和他谈话是没有用的。
It is
useless telephoning him. He is not willing to come.给他打电话没用。他不愿意来。
It's
worth making an effort. 努力一下是值得的。
There is
no saying when it will stop raining. 无法断定这场雨什么时候会停。
There is
no joking about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。
B．动词的-ing形式作表语
动词的-ing形式作表语的有两种不同的含义：
1．表示主语的内容是什么。
Her job
is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible.她的工作是尽量使报告厅保持干净。
The real
question is getting to know the needs of the students.真正的问题是了解学生的需要。
His
hobby is collecting stamps.他的爱好是集邮。
2．表示主语具有的特征。
The
problem is quite puzzling.这个问题很令人困惑。
It was
astonishing to see the animals and plants that are found nowhere else in the
world. 看到了世界上其它地方找不到的动植物真是令人惊讶。
The food
at the dinner party did not seem very inviting.
宴会上的食物似乎并不诱人。
比较：
一般说来，动词的-ing形式表示一般性、习惯性的动作，或抽象性的动作，时间概念不强。而动词不定式表示的动作往往是具体的或一次性的动作，特别是将来的动作。
Smoking
is forbidden here.这里禁止吸烟。（泛指）
It's not
good for you to smoke so much.吸这么多烟对你的身体不好。（具体）
They
prefer staying indoors when the weather is cold.天冷时他们喜欢呆在室内。（泛指）
Would
you prefer to stay at home this evening今晚你想待在家里吗？（具体
C．动词的-ing形式作宾语
动词的-ing形式既可作及物动词的宾语，也可作介词的宾语。
1．作动词的宾语
能用-ing形式作宾语的及物动词可分两类，一类是只能用-ing形式作宾语，另一类是既可用-ing形式作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语。
①只能用-ing形式作宾语的动词
这类动词只能用-ing形式作宾语，不能用不定式作宾语。
Fancy
meeting you here!想不到在这儿见到你了!
I
suggest doing it in a different way. 我建议用另一种方法做这件事。
They
didn't mind being treated like guests. 他们不在乎被人当作宾客对待。
They
admitted smokinghaving smoked in the hall.
他们承认在大厅里抽过烟。
I regret
sayinghaving said what I said.我很后悔自己说过的话。
He
couldn't help laughing.他情不自禁地笑了起来。
I can't
imagine the boy speaking so rudely to you.
我不能想像这个男孩对你说话这么没礼貌。
必背：
只接动词的-ing形式而不接不定式作宾语的动词有
admit承认
appreciate感激
avoid避免
consider考虑
delay耽搁
dislike嫌恶
enjoy喜欢
escape避免
excuse原谅
fancy想不到
feel
like意欲
finish完成
forgive原谅
give up放弃
cannot
help情不自禁
imagine设想
include包括
keep保持
mention提及
mind介意
miss逃过
put off推迟
practice练习
resist抵制
risk冒险
②既可用动词-ing形式作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语
这类动词虽然既能用-ing形式作宾语，也能用不定式作宾语，但用法并不相同，主要有以下几种情况：
a.有些动词，如attempt,
continue, hate, intend, like, love, prefer等，后面接动词的-ing形式或不定式区别不是很大。
They
prefer spending to spend their summer
vacation in Dalian.他们更喜欢在大连度暑假。
I intend
to buy buying an English-Chinese
dictionary.我想买一本英汉词典。
提示：应尽量避免接连出现两个动词-ing形式。
I am
starting to learn Russian. 我开始学俄语。
避免说：I
am starting learning Russian. 我开始学俄语。
b. need,
require, want作“需要”解时，后面接-ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式，意义上并无差别，但用-ing形式比较普通。
Your
composition needs correcting to be
corrected.你的作文需要修改。
His coat
wants cleaning to be cleaned. 他的大衣需要洗了。
The old
woman requires looking after carefully
to be looked after carefully.这个老大娘需要细心地照料。
2．作介词宾语
动词的-ing形式作介词宾语大都和一些固定搭配有关。常见的几种搭配形式有：
①动词+介词+
-ing形式
Jason
aims at becoming an astronaut.詹森立志要当宇航员。
I dream
of being the best footballer in the school.我梦想成为全校最好的足球队员。
比较：
keep
doing继续或保持做某事。（强调动作的持续性）
News lf
successes keeps pouring in. 捷报频传。
Keep on
doing继续或反复做某事。（强调动作的反复性）
We will
keep on trying and.if we get anything done.will notify you.
我们将继续努力。有结果将通知你。
Keep sb
doing使某人一直做某事（表示被迫进行的动作）
I'll try
not to keep you waiting.我尽量不让你久等。
Keep sb
from doing阻止某人做某事（＝preventstop sb from doing）
The
stone walls keep the farmer's cows from joining his neighbor's cows.
石头墙使农民家的牛不会混入邻居的牛群中去。
②动词+名词+介词+
-ing形式
Please
excuse me for being late.对不起，我迟到了。
What
prevented you from joining us last night昨天晚上什么事使你不能和我们在一起
Sandy
wasted no time in getting to know the boss's daughter.桑迪很快就开始就和老板的女儿套近乎了。
③名词+介词+
-ing形式
We like
his way of teaching English.我们喜欢他教英语的方式。
He has
little hope of passing the examination.他几乎没有什么希望通过考试。
I have
no difficulty in communicating with foreigners.我在和外国人交谈方面没有什么困难。
④形容词+介词+
-ing形式
I'm
tired of having the same food every day.天天吃同样的东西我感到腻烦了。
Peter is
angry about not being invited to the party.没有被邀请出席聚会，彼得很生气。
Who's
responsible for organizing this conference
是谁负责组织这次大会？
⑤whathow about + -ing形式
What
about going for a walk去散步好不好？
How
about playing a game of chess now现在来下盘棋好吗
⑥介词to +动词-ing形式
to既可以是介词，也可以是不定式符号，在使用中比较容易混淆。若是不定式符号，to后接动词原形；若是介词，to后需接-ing形式。
You must
get used to washing your face with cold water.你必须习惯用冷水洗脸。
John has
admitted to breaking the window.约翰已承认了打碎窗子。
I'm
looking forward to seeing you this summer vacation.我盼望今年暑假见到你。
He has
devoted his whole life to benefiting mankind.他为全人类的利益献出了自己的一生。
However,
others strongly object to developing private cars.然而,另有一些人强烈反对发展私人小汽车。
He is
equal to doing this task.他能胜任这项任务。
The man
took to drinking shortly after his wife died.他妻子死后不久，这人就开始嗜酒。
Isn't it
time you got down to marking those papers难道还没到你安下心来阅卷的时D．动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语
1．动词的-ing形式可以在see,
hear, notice, watch, feel, smell, look at, listen to, observe, find等表示感官和心理状态的动词后面作宾语补足语，和一个名词或代词一起构成复合宾语。
We heard
the children shouting upstairs. 我们听见孩子们在楼上叫喊。
I
noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car.我下车的时候注意到一个男人从银行里跑出来。
I felt my heart beating violently. 我觉得我的心在猛烈地跳动。
2．动词的-ing形式和不定式作宾语补语的区别
在see,
hear, feel, watch, notice等感官动词后，既可用动词的-ing形式构成复合宾语，也可用不定式构成复合宾语，两者之间有一定的区别。用动词的-ing形式时，表示动作正在进行；用不定式时，表示动作发生了，即动作的全过程结束了。
He saw a
girl getting on the car.他看见一个女孩在上汽车。(She
was getting on the car.)
He saw a
girl get on the car and drive off. 他看见一个女孩上车开走了。(She
got on the car and drove off.)
Do you
hear someone knocking at the door你听见有人在敲门吗？(Someone
is knocking at the door.)
Do you
hear someone knock at the door你听见有人敲门了吗？(Someone
knocked at the door just now.)
提示：
如果宾语补足语是一系列的动作，通常只能用不定式来表示，不用动词的-ing形式。
I saw
him enter the room, sit down and light a cigarette.我看见他走进房间，坐了下来，点燃了一根香烟。
3．动词的-ing形式也可用在have,
get, leave, keep, set, catch等表示“致使”的动词后作宾语补足语。
They
should not leave us wondering what they will do next.他们不应该不让我们知道他们下一步要做什么。
I won't
have you running about in the room.我不允许你在房间里跑来跑去。
We kept
the fire burning all night long. 我们使火整夜燃烧着。
E．动词的-ing形式作定语
1．单个的动词的-ing形式可以作前置定语，一般有两种含义。
①说明被修饰名词的用途和性能。
a
reading room= a room which is used for reading阅览室
running
shoes= shoes for running跑鞋
a
working method = a method of working工作方法
必背：
a sewing
machine 缝纫机
a
swimming pool 游泳池
a
drawing board 画板
a dining
car 餐车
a
driving permit 驾驶许可证
a
walking stick 手杖
a
singing competition 歌咏比赛
a
waiting room 候车室
②表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。
developing countries = countries that are developing发展中国家
an
ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary看起来很普通的房子
a
puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody困扰人的问题
The
working people are masters of our country.劳动人民是我们国家的主人。
Let
sleeping dogs lie.不要惹麻烦。
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