六、被动形式表示主动意义
英语的被动形式表示主动的意义,主要见于状态被动语态句中。一般说来有以下几种情况。
A.反身动词的被动形式表示主动意义
反身动词(及物动词+反身代词)作谓语时,其宾语反身代词,表示动作返回到执行者本身,主语既是动作的执行者,又是动作的承受者。由于反身动词具有这一特点,在被动结构中动作的承受者,也就是动作的执行者,在句中表现出主动的意义。
He seats himself at the back of the
classroom. 他坐在教室的后面。
-- He is seated at the back of the
classroom. 他坐在教室的后面。
He lost himself in the forest.
-- He was lost in the forest. 他在森林中迷了路。
He dressed himself in a dark blue suit.
-- He was dressed in a dark blue suit. 他穿着一套深蓝色的衣服。
注意:
有些介词短语作定语或表语时,也有被动的含义。
The tall building under repair is an
office building.
正在修建的那座高楼是一座办公楼。
The result is nnow under consideration.
结果现在正在考虑中。
个别介词短语用冠词时表示被动的意义,不用冠词表示主动意义。
The children are in the charge of this nurse.
孩子们由这位护士照管。
This nurse is in charge og the
children.
这位护士负责照看孩子们。
B.“引起……感情”等动词的被动形式表主动意义
The teacher is satisfied with what he
said. 老师对他所说的感到满意。
We are opposed to unjust wars. 我们反对非正义的战争。
We are prepared to accept his
proposal. 我们准备采纳他的建议。
He was tired with playing all day. 玩了一整天他感到很疲倦了。
C.某些表示定位、移位的动词
The earth is tilted a little. 地球有点儿倾斜。
Hundreds of soldiers were stationed
around the prison. 数百个士兵驻扎在监狱周围。
The village is located at the foot of a
hill. 这个村庄坐落在山脚下。
D.不及物动词的-ed形式与be连用表示主动意义
Spring is come. 春天来了。
The moon was set and it was very
dark. 月亮落了,天很黑。
He is advanced in years. 他年纪很大了。
E.表示终止动词的-ed形式
He is done with it. 他做完了这件事。
My fever is gone, but I still have a
cough. 我的烧已经退了,但还有点儿咳嗽。
F.一些习惯用法
He was graduated from Beijing
University. 他毕业于北大。
You are mistaken. 你弄错了。
He is retired. 他退休了。
G.被动的祈使句
Do be seated. 请坐!
Be prepared, please. 请准备好。
Get washed. 洗吧。
Be concerned more about the well-being
of the masses. 多关心群众的生活。
He was
married in Beijing. 他是在北京结婚的。(被动语态)
第三章虚拟语气
虚拟语气(the
subjunctive mood),又称假设语气,是谓语动词的一种形式,表示说话人叙述的内容与事实相反,在现实中并不存在,或实现的可能性很小。
一、动词的语气
语气用来区别讲话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。英语中的语气(mood)有三种,分别是陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。
1.陈述语气
陈述语气一般用来叙述事实或就事实提出询问,主要用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。
Where
there is a will, there's a way.有志者事竟成。
Can you
help me carry the box upstairs你能帮我把箱子搬到楼上吗?
How I
missed the life in the countryside!我多么想念乡村的生活啊!
2.祈使语气
祈使语气表示说话人向对方提出请求或下达命令。
Come
this way, please!请这边走。
Don't
make any noise, will you别吵,行吗?
Do be
careful when crossing the street.过马路时一定要小心。
3.虚拟语气
虚拟语气表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实,而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。
If I
were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟,我就能在空中飞行。
I wish
it were spring all the year round.但愿四季如春。
May good
luck be yours!祝你好运!
二、条件句中的虚拟语气
英语中条件从句有两类,一类是真实条件句,另一类是非真实条件句。如果假设的情况可能发生,是真实条件句;如果假设的情况是不存在的或不大可能发生的,则是虚拟条件句。
A.真实条件句
真实条件句表示的假设是可能发生或实现的,主句和从句的谓语动词都要用陈述语气。
If he
doesn't come at 8, we won't wait for him.如果他八点不来,我们就不等他了。
If a
flood happened in the past, there was usually a great loss of life and
property. 过去发生洪水的话,常有很大的生命和财产损失。
We shall
go there unless it rains tomorrow.如果明天不下雨,我们将去那里。
I'll let
you use my bike on condition that you keep it clean.如果你能保持车子干净,我就让你用我的自行车。
B.非真实条件句
在含有非真实条件句的复合句中,主句和从句的谓语动词都要用虚拟语气,其构成有三种形式:
与现在事实相反 if条件句的谓语:were did
主句的谓:would
(couldshouldmight) + do
与过去事实相反 if条件句的谓语:had
done
主句的谓:would(couldshouldmight)
+ have done
与将来事实相反 if条件句的谓语:didwere
主句的谓:should
do would (couldshouldmight) + do were to do
1.表示与现在事实相反的条件
条件从句用动词的过去式(be动词用were),主句用should(第一人称)或would(全部人称)+动词原形。可用情态动词could,
might代替should, would表示情态。
If it
were Sunday tomorrow, I would go and see my friends.明天要是星期天的话,我就去看望我的朋友。
If I
were you, I should go and try.我要是你,我就去试试。
If
wishes were horses, beggars might ride.
如果幻想能成为马匹,叫花子都有了坐骑
would go if they treated me like a slave.要是他们把我当奴隶对待,我就走。
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