5.在两个动词不定式并列使用时,为了避免重复,后面的不定式符号to可省略。
The
little girl hardly knew whether to laugh or cry.这小姑娘不知道是哭好还是笑好。
Can you
help me to call him and ask him to attend the meeting at 200 p.m.你能不能帮我打电话给他,叫他下午两点来开会?
6.在help之后,既可用带to的不定式也可用不带to的不定式。
Can I
help (to) carry the box for you我帮你搬箱子,好吗?
7.在一些固定搭配中用不带to的不定式。
He let
go the rope.他松开了绳子。
I hear
say there will be an earthquake soon.我听说不久就要有一次地震。
She made
believe she was innocent.她假装清白。
8.在感官动词see,
hear, watch, feel, notice以及使役动词make, let, have等后作宾语补足语的动词不定式不带to。
She
watched the children cross the street.她看着孩子们穿过了马路。
They
made the boy apologize to his friend for being so rude.他们让那男孩因他的粗鲁而向他的朋友道歉。
Don't
forget to have him come earlier.别忘了让他早点儿来。
B.不定式符号的单独使用
为了避免重复上文中出现过的动词,可以用不定式符号to来代替上文中出现过的不定式结构。
1.在助动词或情态动词之后,如be
going to, used to, have to, ought to, be able to, be about to等。
She must
go but you don't have to. 她必须走,但你没有必要。
---Do
you think I ought to go to see my doctor
你认为我应该去看医生吗?
---Yes,
I think you ought to. 是的,我想你应该去。
2.在want,
decide, like, love, hope, wish, mean, refuse, try等动词之后。
You may
go with them if you hope to. 如果你希望的话,你可以和他们一起去。
---Did
you go to see the Great Wall 你游览长城了吗?
---I
wanted to, but I was too busy. 我本来想去的,但我太忙了。
3.在做宾语补足语的ask,
tell, order, advise, persuade, warn, wish, permit, allow, forbid等动词之后。
Don't do
anything unless your father tells you to.
除非你父亲叫你去做,不然不要做任何事情。
---May I
use your car 我可以用你的汽车吗?
---No, I
forbid you to. 不,我禁止你使用。
4.在对话的答语中的happy,
glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready, pleased, afraid等形容词之后。
---Will
you lend me a hand 你能帮我一个忙吗?
---I'm
willing to, but I can't now. 我很愿意,但现在不行。
---Would
you please come to my birthday party tomorrow明天下午来参加我的生日聚会好吗?
---I'll
be glad to.我很乐意。
提示:
如果动词不定式是to
be或to have,则一般不省。
--- Did
you finish the work你的工作完成了吗?
--- No,
but I hoped to have.没有,但我希望已经完成了。
C.介词to和不定式符号to
to既可以是不定式符号,后接动词原形;to也可以是介词,后接名词或动词的-ing形式。英语中有很多常用短语带有to,我们要正确判断to是不定式符号还是介词,千万不可混淆。
1.不定式符号to
He made
it a rule to read English aloud for half an hour every morning.他坚持每天早晨朗读半小时英语。
These
young lads are longing to go to watch the football match.这几个小伙子极想去看足球赛。
必背:常见的带不定式符号to的短语
be
supposed to do应该做某事
be
determined to do决心要做某事
fail to
do未能做某事
go all out to do全力以赴做某事
have the
nerve to do有胆量做某事
have a
great mind to do很想做某事
make a
point to do坚持做某事
make up
one's mind to do决定做某事
take the
trouble to do不辞辛苦地做某事
prepare
oneself to do有思想准备做某事
2.介词to
If you
stick to the truth, you will have nothing to fear.如果你坚持真理,就没有什么可害怕的。
You must
get used to getting up early.你必须习惯早起。
Isn't it
time you got down to marking those papers难道还没到你定下心来阅卷的时间吗?
必背:常见的带介词to的短语
be used
to习惯
be equal
to胜任
be given
to沉溺于
be opposed
to反对
be
related to与……有关
devote
oneself to献身于
get down
to着手做
give
rise to引起
lead to导致
look
forward to盼望
object
to反对
pay
attention to注意
put
one's mind to全神贯注于
stick to坚持第6章
动词的-ing形式
动词的-ing形式包括传统语法的“动名词”(gerund)和“现在分词”(present
participle)两个部分。动词的-ing形式具有动词的特征,同时又具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,因此它可以在句中作主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语和状语。
一、动词-ing形式的特征和种类
与动词不定式一样,动词的-ing形式也具有动词的特征,有时态和语态的变化,并可带状语、宾语等。
A.动词-ing形式的一般式
1.动词-ing形式的一般式可用来泛指一个动作,没有特别的时间意义。
Swimming
is her favorite sport.游泳是她最喜欢的体育运动。
Learning
is important to modern life.学习对现代生活很重要。
2.动词-ing形式的一般式可用来表示和谓语动词同时发生的动作。
They
went out of the classroom, talking and laughing.他们有说有笑地走出教室。
She
listened carefully to her neighbours speaking.她倾听她邻居的讲话。
3.动词-ing形式的一般式有时也可表示在谓语动词的动作之前或之后发生的动作。
I remembered sending him an e-mail last
week. 我记得上星期给他发过一份电子邮件。
He
suggested taking my daughter to the zoo the next Sunday.他建议下个星期天带我女儿去动物园。
B.动词-ing形式的完成式
动词的-ing形式的完成式表示一个已完成的动作,这个动作发生或完成在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
Having
lived in this city for three years, she knows it very well.在这个城市生活了3年,她对这里已很熟悉。
I really
regretted having missed such an exciting lecture.错过了这么振奋人心的演讲,我真的很遗憾。
注意:
在现代英语中,作宾语的-ing形式的完成式可用一般式来代替。
I really
regretted missing such an exciting lecture.错过了这么振奋人心的演讲,我真的很遗憾。(=I
really regretted having missed such an exciting lecture.)
We
remembered seeing the film.我们记得看过这部电影。(=We
remembered having seen the film. )
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