D.不定式的完成进行式
不定式的完成进行式表示的动作在谓语之前发生并且一直进行着。
He was said to have been living in London for twenty years.据说他在伦敦一直住了20年。
I'm sorry to have been interrupting you.很抱歉,我一直打扰你。
比较:
不定式的时态意义。
He is said to be studying abroad.据说他正在国外读书。(不定式的进行式表示动作正在进行)
He is said to have studied abroad.据说他在国外学习过。(不定式的完成式表示动作已经结束)
E.不定式的被动形式
当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式。不定式的被动形式根据其与谓语动作发生的先后关系,有一般式和完成时两种。
1.一般式to be done
These are the books to be given out to the students.这些是要发给学生的书。
He asked to be sent to the place where he was most needed.他要求被派往最需要他的地方。
2.完成式to have been done
The novel is said to have been translated into many languages.据说这部小说已被译成多种语言。
He appeared to have been questioned for many times.看起来他已经被询问过很多次了。
F.不定式的否定形式
不定式的否定形式由not或never加不定式构成。
We decided not to go out because of the bad weather.由于天气不好,我们决定不出去。
Never to have made any mistake is impossible.从不犯错是不可能的。
注意:谓语动词的否定和不定式的否定不同的意义
I did not promise to wake him up.我没有答应叫醒他。
I promised not to wake him up.我答应了不叫醒他。
一、动词不定式的用法
动词不定式除了不能单独作谓语外,几乎能担任句子中所有的句子成分。
A.动词不定式作主语
不定式具有名词的特征,可在句子中充当主语。
1.不定式短语在句首作主语
To know
oneself is difficult.人贵有自知之明。
To say
is one thing and to do is another.说是一回事,做又是另一回事。
To love
and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can get.爱与被爱是一个人能获得的最大幸福。
2.用it作形式主语
在很多情况下,人们通常用it作为形式上的主语,而把不定式移到谓语之后,使句子结构显得平稳一些。
It's
rude to turn your back to your teacher and refuse to answer.背对着老师,拒绝回答问题是不礼貌的。
It is
impossible to learn a foreign language without making painstaking effort.想不下苦功就能学会外语是不可能的。
It
seemed a pity to have wasted so much time.浪费了这么多时间,真是遗憾。
注意:
当主语和表语都是不定式时,不能用形式主语代替动词不定式。
To
respect others is to be respected.尊重别人就是尊重自己。
To
become a slave is to give up one's freedom.做奴隶就等于放弃自由。
B.动词不定式作表语
不定式作表语可以说明主语的具体内容或表示目的。
His wish
is to become an astronaut. 他的愿望是成为一名宇航员。
What he
hoped was to be admitted into the university.他希望能被大学录取。
To live
is to do something worthwhile.活着就是要做一些有价值的事情。
注意:
有些作表语的不定式,在结构上是主动的,但在意义上却是被动的。
She is
to blame.她应该受到责备。
The
house is to let.此房出租。
The
result is not long to see.结果不久就会看到。
C.动词不定式作宾语
不定式可以充当部分及物动词的宾语,也可以充当but和except等介词的宾语以及形容词的宾语。
1.作动词的宾语
①不定式可以充当部分及物动词的宾语。
Father
likes to listen to music in silence. 父亲喜欢静静地听音乐。
He
prefers to be starved to death rather than beg. 他宁愿饿死也不愿乞讨。
I never
thought to meet you here.我没想到在这里遇见你。
必背:
可接不定式作宾语的动词有:
afford负担得起
agree同意
aim以……为目标
ask要求
attempt尝试
begin开始
care喜爱
choose决定
continue继续
decide决定
desire要求
determine决心
expect期待
fail不能
forget忘记
hate不愿
hope希望
ntend打算
manage设法
mean打算
offer表示愿意
plan计划
prefer宁愿
pretend假装
promise答应
refuse拒绝
remember记起
try努力
want想要
wish希望
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