Part B
Directions:
Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For
Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into
each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in
any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological
evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British
social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and
cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human
societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.
American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another
theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was
one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show
how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of
societies.42._____________.
In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American
anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical
particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all
cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________.
Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as
the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a
broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.
Historical particularism became a
dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely
through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists
in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor
of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement
to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to
diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.
Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist émile Durkheim
developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology.
Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social
solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and
culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially
British, anthropology.
[A] Other anthropologists
believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and
passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.
[B] In order to study
particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in
linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of
human biology and anatomy.
[C] He argued that human
evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the "survival of the
fittest," in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced
by stronger, more advanced races and societies.
[D] They also focused on
important rituals that appeared to preserve a people's social structure, such
as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children's entrance into
adulthood.
[E] Thus, in his view,
diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of
marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government,
technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.
[F] Supporters of the
theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a
society functioning.
[G] For example, British
anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on
the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and
metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world.
In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different
times in many parts of the world.
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